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Moayeri A. The Effects of Prosopis farcta Plant Fruit Extract and an Active component on Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome in Rat and Comparison With Clonidine. Journal title 2019; 1 (4)
URL: http://newresearch.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html
URL: http://newresearch.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html
Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical sciences, Ilam, Iran
Abstract: (1844 Views)
Drug addiction in the world is now in the form of unpleasant social phenomena, various economic problems, various infectious diseases and family and mental disorders (1-2)
Research has shown that drug addiction is one of the most common addictions in Iran. On the other hand, tolerance is a common phenomenon in patients addicted to opium and candidates for surgery, who need sedation and anesthesia (3). Tolerance refers to a phenomenon in which the use of a drug reduces its effect and requires higher doses to achieve the same effect (4).
Morphine is a substance that is isolated from opium and has a profound destructive effect. If the body is exposed to chronic morphine with repeated use of morphine, its adverse effects such as tolerance and dependence occur. Morphine dependence has mental and physical dimensions, which are characterized by the onset of withdrawal syndrome following rapid withdrawal of the substance, which peaks in humans after 36 to 48 hours and is accompanied by symptoms such as severe muscle irritability, anxiety, diarrhea, hostility. And is accompanied by seizures that make the withdrawal process difficult. Therefore, the use of non-narcotic drugs during rapid withdrawal to reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms is very important (5).
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors have sedative, anti-anxiety, hypnotic, and analgesic properties that exert most of their effects by acting on alpha-2 receptors in the locus cereus and spinal cord (6). Clonidine belongs to this group which is taken orally and intravenously (6) and is an imidazole derivative that is the selective agonist of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (7).
Research has shown that drug addiction is one of the most common addictions in Iran. On the other hand, tolerance is a common phenomenon in patients addicted to opium and candidates for surgery, who need sedation and anesthesia (3). Tolerance refers to a phenomenon in which the use of a drug reduces its effect and requires higher doses to achieve the same effect (4).
Morphine is a substance that is isolated from opium and has a profound destructive effect. If the body is exposed to chronic morphine with repeated use of morphine, its adverse effects such as tolerance and dependence occur. Morphine dependence has mental and physical dimensions, which are characterized by the onset of withdrawal syndrome following rapid withdrawal of the substance, which peaks in humans after 36 to 48 hours and is accompanied by symptoms such as severe muscle irritability, anxiety, diarrhea, hostility. And is accompanied by seizures that make the withdrawal process difficult. Therefore, the use of non-narcotic drugs during rapid withdrawal to reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms is very important (5).
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors have sedative, anti-anxiety, hypnotic, and analgesic properties that exert most of their effects by acting on alpha-2 receptors in the locus cereus and spinal cord (6). Clonidine belongs to this group which is taken orally and intravenously (6) and is an imidazole derivative that is the selective agonist of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (7).
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Received: 2016/04/6 | Accepted: 2017/01/16 | Published: 2019/04/7
Received: 2016/04/6 | Accepted: 2017/01/16 | Published: 2019/04/7
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